Selective laser sintering (SLS) machines are made up of three components (Gibson et al., 2010): a heat source to fuse the material, a method to control this heat source and a mechanism to add new layers of material over the previous. The SLS process benefits from requiring no additional support structure, as the powder material provides adequate model support throughout the build process. The build platform is within a temperature controlled chamber, where the temperature is usually a few degrees below that of the material melting point, reducing the dependency of the laser to fuse layers together. The chamber is often filled with nitrogen to maximise oxidation and end quality of the model. Models require a cool down period to ensure a high tolerance and quality of fusion. Some machines monitor the temperature layer by layer and adapt the power and wattage of the laser respectively to improve quality.

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Compared to SLS, SLM is often faster (Gibson et al., 2010), but requires the use of an inert gas, has higher energy costs and typically has a poor energy efficiency of 10 to 20 % (Gibson et al., 2010). The process uses either a roller or a blade to spread new layers of powder over previous layers. When a blade is sed, it is often vibrated to encourage a more even distribution of powder (Gibson et al., 2010). A hopper or a reservoir below or aside the bed provides a fresh material supply.

Selective Heat Sintering (SHS) uses a heated thermal printhead to fuse powder material together. As before, layers are added with a roller inbetween fusion of layers.The process is used in creating concept prototypes and less so structural components. The use of a thermal print head and not a laser benefits the process by reducing significantly the heat and power levels required. Thermoplastics powders are used and as before act as support material. The ‘Blue printer’ is a desktop 3D printer that uses the SHS technology, with a build chamber of 200mm x 160mm x 140mm, print speed of 2-3mm/hour and a layer thickness of 0.1mm (Blue Printer SHS , 2014).

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) uses the same process as SLS, but with the use of metals and not plastic powders. The process sinters the powder, layer by layer and a range of engineering metals are available. 

Electron Beam Melting (EBM) Layers are fused using an electron beam to melt metal powders. Machine manufacturer Arcam used electromagnetic coils to control the beam and a vacuum pressure of 1×10-5 mba (EBM Arcam , 2014). EBM provides models with very good strength properties due to an even temperature distribution of during fusion (Chua et al., 2010). The high quality and finish that the process allows for makes it suited to the manufacture of high standard parts used in aeroplanes and medical applications. The process offers a number of benefits over traditional methods of implant creation, including hip stem prosthesis (Agaruala, 1995). Compared to CNC machining, using EBM with titanium and a layer thickness of 0.1mm, can achieve better results, in an faster time and can reduce the cost by up to 35%.

Post processing requirements include removing excess powder and further cleaning and CNC work. One advantage and common aim of post processing is to increase the density and therefore the structural strength of a part. Liquid phase sintering is a method of melting the metal powder or powder combination in order to achieve homogenisation and a more continuous microstructure throughout the material, however, shrinking during the process must be accounted for. Hot isotactic pressing is another method to increase density; a vacuum sealed chamber is used to exert high pressures and temperatures of the material. Although this is an effective technique to improve strength, the trade-off is a longer and more expensive build time.

Machine Example:

The Powder bed fusion process uses any powder based materials, but common metals and polymers used are:

SHS: Nylon DMLS, SLS, SLM: Stainless Steel, Titainium, Aluminium, Cobalt Chrome, Steel EBM: titanum, Cobalt Chrome, ss, al and copper (Materials Arcam, 2014).

Advantages: