Atlas of Hinterworlds

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Hinterworlds

P.J. Taylor

There is a long tradition in conventional urban geography of measuring the hinterlands of towns and cities. The concept of hinterworld has been created to describe the worldwide pattern of connections between a given world city and other world cities under conditions of contemporary globalization.

The concept was introduced in Research Bulletin 17 and is refined in Research Bulletin 89. Examples of its use can be found in Research Bulletin 58 and the Amsterdam Report. The maps in this atlas are all based on the methodology presented in Research Bulletin 89 using the city/global service firms data for 2000 described in Research Bulletin 43.

In summary the method is as follows:

  1. We have selected the top 123 cities in terms of global network connectivity and measure the connectivity between each city and the other 122 cities.
  1. These individual city inter-linkages closely reflect the overall pattern of global network connectivity (i.e. every city is most connected to either London or New York).
  1. For each city we regress its connectivities with other cities against their global network connectivity.
  1. We compute the residuals from the regression line and these are interpreted as a city being either over-linked (positive residuals) to another city (relative to its global network connectivity) or under-linked (negative residuals). It is these residuals that are mapped to show a city’s hinterworld.
  1. The standard error of estimate indicates how close the scatter of points is to the line: it is interpreted in this context of indicating the specificity of a city’s hinterworld (i.e. zero would indicate a hinterworld exactly the same as the global network connectivity pattern and therefore the higher the standard error the more unlike a city’s hinterworld is from the general pattern of global connectivities. In the analyses, standard errors range from 0.013 (Madrid) to 0.067 (Indianapolis)).
  1. The same ordinal scale is used for all maps to facilitate simple comparisons between hinterwords. An initial discussion of comparisons can be found in chapter 5 of P.J. Taylor (2004) World City Network: a Global Urban Analysis (London: Routledge).
  1. The maps are in cartogram form to show each city in equally. The cartogram places cities in their approximate relative geographical positions.

    The codes for cities are: AB Abu Dhabi; AD Adelaide; AK Auckland; AM Amsterdam; AS Athens; AT Atlanta; AN Antwerp; BA Buenos Aires; BB Brisbane; BC Barcelona; BD Budapest; BG Bogota; BJ Beijing; BK Bangkok; BL Berlin; BM Birmingham; BN Bangalore; BR Brussels; BS Boston; BT Beirut; BU Bucharest; BV Bratislava; CA Cairo; CC Calcutta; CG Calgary; CH Chicago; CL Charlotte; CN Chennai; CO Cologne; CP Copenhagen; CR Caracas; CS Casablanca; CT Cape Town; CV Cleveland; DA Dallas; DB Dublin; DS Dusseldorf; DT Detroit; DU Dubai; DV Denver; FR Frankfurt; GN Geneva; GZ Guangzhou; HB Hamburg; HC Ho Chi Minh City; HK Hong Kong; HL Helsinki; HM Hamilton(Bermuda); HS Houston; IN Indianapolis; IS Istanbul; JB Johannesburg; JD Jeddah; JK Jakarta; KC Kansas City; KL Kuala Lumpur; KR Karachi; KU Kuwait; KV Kiev; LA Los Angeles; LB Lisbon; LG Lagos; LM Lima; LN London; LX Luxembourg; LY Lyons; MB Mumbai; MC Manchester; MD Madrid; ME Melbourne; MI Miami; ML Milan; MM Manama; MN Manila; MP Minneapolis; MS Moscow; MT Montreal; MU Munich; MV Montevideo; MX Mexico City; NC Nicosia; ND New Delhi; NR Nairobi; NS Nassau; NY New York; OS Oslo; PA Paris; PB Pittsburgh; PD Portland; PE Perth; PH Philadelphia; PL Port Louis; PN Panama City; PR Prague; QU Quito; RJ Rio de Janeiro; RM Rome; RT Rotterdam; RY Riyadh; SA Santiago; SD San Diego; SE Seattle; SF San Francisco; SG Singapore; SH Shanghai; SK Stockholm; SL St Louis; SO Sofia; SP Sao Paulo; ST Stuttgart; SU Seoul; SY Sydney; TA Tel Aviv; TP Taipei; TR Toronto; TY Tokyo; VI Vienna; VN Vancouver; WC Washington DC; WL Wellington; WS Warsaw; ZG Zagreb; ZU Zurich (see also map of city codes)

The result is an atlas containing maps of hinterworlds for 123 cities. These are listed alphabetically below (small images indicate current availability of maps). The cities most and least linked to a given city are listed along with the measure of specificity.

 

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ABU DHABI
Most over-linked city: Auckland (0.103)
Most under-linked city: Detroit (-0.084)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.031


ADELAIDE
Most over-linked city: Perth (0.171)
Most under-linked city: Sofia (-0.087)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.043

AMSTERDAM
Most over-linked city: Beijing (0.048)
Most under-linked city: Los Angeles (-0.043)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.017

ANTWERP
Most over-linked city: Cologne (0.112)
Most under-linked city: Taipei (-0.077)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.034

ATHENS
Most over-linked city: Istanbul (0.080)
Most under-linked city: Boston (-0.098)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.034

ATLANTA
Most over-linked city: Boston (0.110)
Most under-linked city: Athens (-0.046)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.027

AUCKLAND
Most over-linked city: Montreal (0.046)
Most under-linked city: Luxembourg City (-0.056)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.017
Auckland hinterworld

BANGALORE
Most over-linked city: New Delhi (0.122)
Most under-linked city: Boston (-0.105)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.033

BANGKOK
Most over-linked city: Tokyo (0.058)
Most under-linked city: Toronto (-0.056)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.022

BARCELONA
Most over-linked city: Rome (0.034)
Most under-linked city: Lima (-0.045)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.017

BEIJING
Most over-linked city: Guangzhou (0.071)
Most under-linked city: Montreal (-0.051)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.025

BEIRUT
Most over-linked city: Athens (0.076)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.086)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.034

BERLIN
Most over-linked city: Munich (0.168)
Most under-linked city: Toronto (-0.108)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.040

BIRMINGHAM
Most over-linked city: Manchester (0.137)
Most under-linked city: Tokyo (-0.092)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.046

BOGOTA
Most over-linked city: Caracas (0.067)
Most under-linked city: Stuttgart (-0.034)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.018

BOSTON
Most over-linked city: Washington, DC (0.125)
Most under-linked city: Athens (-0.092)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.045

BRATISLAVA
Most over-linked city: Prague (0.102)
Most under-linked city: Chicago (-0.106)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.043

BRISBANE
Most over-linked city: Perth (0.122)
Most under-linked city: Frankfurt (-0.101)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.036

BRUSSELS
Most over-linked city: Frankfurt (0.038)
Most under-linked city: Toronto (-0.032)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.014

BUCHAREST
Most over-linked city: Johannesburg (0.109)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.108)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.048

BUDAPEST
Most over-linked city: Prague (0.097)
Most under-linked city: Los Angeles (-0.075)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.031

BUENOS AIRES
Most over-linked city: Caracas (0.059)
Most under-linked city: Seattle (-0.039)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.015

CAIRO
Most over-linked city: Beirut (0.068)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.088)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.030

CALCUTTA
Most over-linked city: Chennai (0.103)
Most under-linked city: Chicago (-0.093)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.036

CALGARY
Most over-linked city: Montreal (0.129)
Most under-linked city: Luxembourg (-0.105)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.045

CAPE TOWN
Most over-linked city: Brisbane (0.073)
Most under-linked city: Ho Chi Minh City (-0.074)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.035

CARACAS
Most over-linked city: Buenos Aires (0.086)
Most under-linked city: New York (-0.045)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.020

CASABLANCA
Most over-linked city: Tel Aviv (0.126)
Most under-linked city: Boston (-0.102)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.050

CHARLOTTE
Most over-linked city: Minneapolis (0.169)
Most under-linked city: Warsaw (-0.131)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.060

CHENNAI
Most over-linked city: Calcutta (0.103)
Most under-linked city: Charlotte (-0.093)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.041

CHICAGO
Most over-linked city: Boston (0.066)
Most under-linked city: Budapest (-0.038)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.019

CLEVELAND
Most over-linked city: Washington, DC (0.192)
Most under-linked city: Manama (-0.104)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.059

COLOGNE
Most over-linked city: Munich (0.159)
Most under-linked city: Manila (-0.083)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.049

COPENHAGEN
Most over-linked city: Helsinki (0.072)
Most under-linked city: Manama (-0.063)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.025

DALLAS
Most over-linked city: Chicago (0.114)
Most under-linked city: Beirut (-0.064)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.045

DENVER
Most over-linked city: Washington, DC (0.144)
Most under-linked city: Warsaw (-0.096)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.047

DETROIT
Most over-linked city: Cleveland (0.104)
Most under-linked city: Nassau (-0.079)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.039

DUBAI
Most over-linked city: Prague (0.065)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.100)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.026

DUBLIN
Most over-linked city: Milan (0.035)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.065)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.016

DUSSELDORF
Most over-linked city: Munich (0.115)
Most under-linked city: New York (-0.056)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.030

FRANKFURT
Most over-linked city: Washington, DC (0.072)
Most under-linked city: Toronto (-0.057)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.022

GENEVA
Most over-linked city: Rio de Janeiro (0.072)
Most under-linked city: Toronto (-0.049)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.022

GUANGZHOU
Most over-linked city: Ho Chi Minh City (0.171)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.125)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.051

HAMBURG
Most over-linked city: Munich (0.128)
Most under-linked city: New York (-0.065)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.030

HAMILTON
Most over-linked city: London (0.116)
Most under-linked city: Frankfurt (-0.076)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.038

HELSINKI
Most over-linked city: Copenhagen (0.101)
Most under-linked city: Luxembourg City (-0.069)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.036

HO CHI MINH CITY
Most over-linked city: Guangzhou (0.141)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.099)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.042

HONG KONG
Most over-linked city: Beijing (0.049)
Most under-linked city: Auckland (-0.040)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.018

HOUSTON
Most over-linked city: San Francisco (0.076)
Most under-linked city: Prague (-0.054)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.031

INDIANAPOLIS
Most over-linked city: Minneapolis (0.183)
Most under-linked city: Sofia (-0.125)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.067

ISTANBUL
Most over-linked city: Johannesburg (0.063)
Most under-linked city: Boston (-0.060)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.029

JAKARTA
Most over-linked city: Bangkok (0.072)
Most under-linked city: Miami (-0.047)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.021

JEDDAH
Most over-linked city: New York (0.114)
Most under-linked city: Frankfurt (-0.097)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.036

JOHANNESBURG
Most over-linked city: Warsaw (0.058)
Most under-linked city: Denver (-0.043)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.021

KANSAS CITY
Most over-linked city: Dallas (0.162)
Most under-linked city: Manama (-0.090)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.054

KARACHI
Most over-linked city: Bucharest (0.095)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.108)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.038

KIEV
Most over-linked city: Warsaw (0.089)
Most under-linked city: Boston (-0.099)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.038

KUALA LUMPUR
Most over-linked city: Taipei (0.060)
Most under-linked city: New York (-0.056)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.021

KUWAIT
Most over-linked city: Tel Aviv (0.108)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.127)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.053

LAGOS
Most over-linked city: Nairobi (0.090)
Most under-linked city: Paris (-0.084)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.017
Lagos hinterworld

LIMA
Most over-linked city: Tel Aviv (0.192)
Most under-linked city: Boston (-0.084)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.036

LISBON
Most over-linked city: Vienna (0.039)
Most under-linked city: Los Angeles (-0.049)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.019

LONDON
Most over-linked city: Washington DC (0.061)
Most under-linked city: Athens (-0.038)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.017

LOS ANGELES
Most over-linked city: Washington, DC (0.071)
Most under-linked city: Amsterdam (-0.043)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.021

LUXEMBOURG CITY
Most over-linked city: Berlin (0.099)
Most under-linked city: New York (-0.080)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.035

LYON
Most over-linked city: Hamburg (0.104)
Most under-linked city: Ho Chi Minh City (-0.097)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.042

MADRID
Most over-linked city: Milan (0.036)
Most under-linked city: Vancouver (-0.037)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.013

MANAMA
Most over-linked city: Jakarta (0.097)
Most under-linked city: Miami (-0.078)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.038

MANCHESTER
Most over-linked city: Birmingham (0.126)
Most under-linked city: Guangzhou (-0.087)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.043

 

MANILA
Most over-linked city: Bangkok (0.077)
Most under-linked city: Munich (-0.061)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.025

MELBOURNE
Most over-linked city: Chicago (0.057)
Most under-linked city: Lyon (-0.038)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.020

MEXICO CITY
Most over-linked city: Seoul (0.039)
Most under-linked city: Barcelona (-0.044)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.015

MIAMI
Most over-linked city: Dallas (0.0.049)
Most under-linked city: Kuala Lumpur (-0.036)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.020

MILAN
Most over-linked city: Frankfurt (0.039)
Most under-linked city: Los Angeles (-0.044)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.014

MINNEAPOLIS
Most over-linked city: Charlotte (0.121)
Most under-linked city: Tel Aviv (-0.077)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.045

MONTEVIDEO
Most over-linked city: Santiago (0.096)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.120)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.039

MONTREAL
Most over-linked city: Boston (0.069)
Most under-linked city: Luxembourg (-0.074)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.028

MOSCOW
Most over-linked city: Budapest (0.070)
Most under-linked city: Los Angeles (-0.043)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.023

MUMBAI
Most over-linked city: Shanghai (0.050)
Most under-linked city: Stockholm (-0.037)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.019

MUNICH
Most over-linked city: Berlin (0.140)
Most under-linked city: Manila (-0.071)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.037

NAIROBI
Most over-linked city: Cairo (0.099)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.107)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.046

NASSAU
Most over-linked city: Lima (0.073)
Most under-linked city: Dusseldorf (-0.114)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.036

NEW DELHI
Most over-linked city: Chicago (0.073)
Most under-linked city: Beirut (-0.039)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.022

NEW YORK
Most over-linked city: Washington DC (0.062)
Most under-linked city: Athens (-0.036)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.018

NICOSIA
Most over-linked city: Copenhagen (0.117)
Most under-linked city: Frankfurt (-0.114)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.048

OSLO
Most over-linked city: Copenhagen (0.116)
Most under-linked city: Portland (-0.071)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.029

PANAMA CITY
Most over-linked city: Quito (0.081)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.086)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.034

PARIS
Most over-linked city: Frankfurt (0.037)
Most under-linked city: Auckland (-0.032)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.015

PERTH
Most over-linked city: Adelaide (0.146)
Most under-linked city: Sofia (-0.081)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.038

PHILADELPHIA
Most over-linked city: Dallas (0.120)
Most under-linked city: Dusseldorf (-0.076)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.044

PITTSBURGH
Most over-linked city: Washington, DC (0.176)
Most under-linked city: Istanbul (-0.097)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.061

PORTLAND
Most over-linked city: Seattle (0.160)
Most under-linked city: Copenhagen (-0.116)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.049

PORT LOUIS
Most over-linked city: Hamilton (0.077)
Most under-linked city: Philadelphia (-0.082)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.034

PRAGUE
Most over-linked city: Budapest (0.092)
Most under-linked city: Los Angeles (-0.064)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.028

QUITO
Most over-linked city: Athens (0.110)
Most under-linked city: Chicago (-0.105)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.045

RIO DE JANEIRO
Most over-linked city: Zurich (0.062)
Most under-linked city: New York (-0.048)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.022

RIYADH
Most over-linked city: Casablanca (0.069)
Most under-linked city: Singapore (-0.072)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.026

ROME
Most over-linked city: Munich (0.058)
Most under-linked city: Tokyo (-0.048)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.022

ROTTERDAM
Most over-linked city: London (0.089)
Most under-linked city: Taipei (-0.064)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.032

SAN DIEGO
Most over-linked city: Washington, DC (0.193)
Most under-linked city: Prague (-0.094)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.050

SAN FRANCISCO
Most over-linked city: Boston ( 0.086)
Most under-linked city: Amsterdam (-0.044)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.024

SANTIAGO
Most over-linked city: Caracas (0.079)
Most under-linked city: New York (-0.045)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.022

SAO PAULO
Most over-linked city: Bangkok (0.047)
Most under-linked city: Copenhagen (-0.033)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.015

SEATTLE
Most over-linked city: Dallas (0.117)
Most under-linked city: Munich (-0.079)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.039

SEOUL
Most over-linked city: Beijing (0.068)
Most under-linked city: Barcelona (-0.063)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.023

SHANGHAI
Most over-linked city: Guangzhou (0.074)
Most under-linked city: Toronto (-0.072)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.025

SINGAPORE
Most over-linked city: Beijing (0.044)
Most under-linked city: Auckland (-0.039)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.016

SOFIA
Most over-linked city: Athens (0.158)
Most under-linked city: Boston (-0.170)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.064

ST LOUIS
Most over-linked city: Washington, DC (0.141)
Most under-linked city: Warsaw (-0.086)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.053

STOCKHOLM
Most over-linked city: Copenhagen (0.048)
Most under-linked city: Tokyo (-0.056)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.018

STUTTGART
Most over-linked city: Munich (0.214)
Most under-linked city: New York (-0.097)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.045

SYDNEY
Most over-linked city: Chicago (0.049)
Most under-linked city: Hamburg (-0.034)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.015

TAIPEI
Most over-linked city: Bangkok (0.087)
Most under-linked city: Boston (-0.050)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.024

TEL AVIV
Most over-linked city: Sofia (0.119)
Most under-linked city: Munich (-0.145)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.055

TOKYO
Most over-linked city: Washington, DC (0.046)
Most under-linked city: Toronto (-0.048)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.017

TORONTO
Most over-linked city: Boston (0.052)
Most under-linked city: Berlin (-0.038)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.015

VANCOUVER
Most over-linked city: Montreal (0.095)
Most under-linked city: Frankfurt (-0.099)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.036

VIENNA
Most over-linked city: Helsinki (0.061)
Most under-linked city: Dallas (-0.043)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.023

WARSAW
Most over-linked city: Budapest (0.072)
Most under-linked city: Los Angeles (-0.069)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.030

WASHINGTON, DC
Most over-linked city: Chicago (0.079)
Most under-linked city: Dubai (-0.069)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.027

WELLINGTON
Most over-linked city: Auckland (0.070)
Most under-linked city: Frankfurt (-0.080)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.028

ZAGREB
Most over-linked city: Budapest (0.096)
Most under-linked city: Washington, DC (-0.119)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.047

ZURICH
Most over-linked city: Chicago (0.040)
Most under-linked city: Seattle (-0.034)
Specificity of hinterworld: 0.014